The purpose of the lambda sensor in front of the catalyst (cat) is to tell the engine computer (ECU) how much oxygen is in the exhaust. This determines the mixture which should be 14.7 parts air to 1 part fuel at all times.
If the mixture becomes weak, the sensor will detect the excess oxygen, tell the computer and it will increase the fuel to achieve 14.7 to 1.
If the mixture becomes too rich, the sensor will tell the computer to send less fuel.
If this sensor fails, the computer will not have a value to work from. So, if you have a rich mixture and excess fuel is being sent down the exhaust, it will irrepairably damage the 'cat'. A faulty airflow sensor or coolant temperature sensor can cause a very rich mixture amongst others.
A failed catalyst usually shows up as fault code P0420 on a diagnostic. If the front sensors are showing normal readings which switch from 0.1-0.8 volts at once a second and the second sensors, after the 'cat', are also switching the same then this is a sure sign the catalyst has failed. The second sensors should remain stable around the mid point of 0.5 volts or so.
A blocked 'cat' would cause the front sensor not to switch as a lack of flow of the exhaust gases would be detected. This could be interpreted as a failed sensor if a technician was not up to speed on diagnostics.